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sexta-feira, setembro 24, 2004

 

As Sete Falácias: #4, «A arquitectura triunfa sobre o urbanismo»

[Se os estudantes e profissionais são em primeiro lugar artistas e só arquitectos em segundo lugar, são urbanistas em terceiro lugar. As nossas cidades são demasiadas vezes como uma Esposição Mundial de edifícios isolados, cada um a excepção à regra e gesticulando mais amplamente do que o próximo para chamar a atenção. São abstractos e sem escala, recusando-se de modo algum a convergir com os vizinhos. Um circo arquitectónico de estilos ou uma profusão tipológica não fazem uma cidade. Nem são emblemáticos de uma cidade democrática, como apregoa Frank Gehry, entre outros.

Uma hierarquia coerente de tipos arquitectónicos, de tipo de ruas, e de espaços públicos com uma distinção clara entre edifícios de primeiro plano e edifícios de segundo plano ? podem resolver e tornar legível a complexa mistura dos usos do solo e das funções dos edifícios que as cidades sempre tiveram. A tipologia gera edifícios menos egoístas que nem sempre clamam para ser o centro das atenções. À medida que voltamos a um urbanismo de usos mistos preocupado com o peão e com os cruzmentos entre pessoas - a única tendência sobre a qual toda a gente desde Krier até Koolhaas concorda - o tipo arquitectónico torna-se mais importante do que o estilo arquitectónico.

Devemos também ter presente que a arquitetura não faz escala. Porque o corpo humano é fixo na sua dimensão e alcance, a arquitectura não pode simplesmente ser ampliada ou reduzida como uma fotografia. Os princípios de composição e as experiências espaciais alteram-se com a escala, e isto é a razão pela qual Corbusier foi um grande arquitecto mas um perigoso planeador de cidades. A arquitectura tem de abdicar dos direitos adquiridos sobre o urbanismo nos últimos 75 anos, em que o planeta evoluiu de uma predominância rural para uma situação de semi-urbanidade.]
Comentários:
O teu texto entusiasmou-me a participar. Faço-o para contrapor uma visão que me parece involuntariamente restrita de Urbanismo, mas também para enriquecer (espero) a reflexão que aqui começaste a desenvolver.

Talvez a cidade contemporânea possa ser lida muitas vezes como uma Exposição Mundial de Edifícios, como dizes. Mas esta é, evidentemente, uma visão de arquitecto. O Urbanismo extravasa em muito, como sei que concordarás, a solução ou integração dos problemas da arquitectura. Como tu próprio defines, parte por desenvolver uma hierarquia coerente de tipos arquitectónicos, de tipo de ruas, de espaços públicos, de edifícios. O problema é que, numa sociedade democrática, esse conceito de hierarquia só pode ser legitimamente definido ao nível do abstracto, do planeamento urbano.

Eu concordo com a ideia de que uma cidade democrática deve ser marcada pela liberdade arquitectónica. Mas considero igualmente que a arquitectura é mais do que um meio de expressão individual, artística ou qualquer outra. A arquitectura é um meio poderoso de transformar a realidade que nos envolve, e de com isso melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas a vários niveis (em que também incluo o cultural e artístico).
Com tudo isto em mente, não me revejo na ideia de tipificação da arquitectura contra a liberdade de expressão individual - a frase é tua: "A tipologia gera edifícios menos egoístas que nem sempre clamam para ser o centro das atenções". Não concordo. Penso que devemos falar de tipologia dos processos, para tornar acessível a todos aquilo que persiste na sociedade como algo só acessível a alguns, mas essa tipificação dos processos não deve resultar na tipificação da expressão humana no território, na massificação de estilos ou imagens.

Por fim, penso que o planeamento urbano tem cada vez um valor mais reconhecível e urgente. Eu próprio, como arquitecto, tenho dificuldade em abdicar do meu trabalho nessa área para dar lugar a especialistas em planeamento. Reconheço-o, e não sei dizer se isso é bom se é mau - se é vontade de colaborar com algo mais abrangente e transformador ou se é apenas o desejo corporativista em manter nas mãos um poder que os arquitectos foram tendo e que agora outros consideram seu.
Seja com for, o Urbanismo é, e deve ser, uma área de fusão entre várias especialidades, e nesse sentido deve desenvolver um sistema de linguagens que venha a funcionar como a plataforma de entendimento entre várias especialidades: arquitectura, evidentemente, paisagismo, engenharias, sociologia, economia, história, direito e muitas mais. Essa plataforma, infelizmente, ainda não existe, o que tem deixado as várias disciplinas que participam no planeamento urbano tantas vezes isoladas a falar as suas próprias linguagens, sem se articular no sentido da interdisciplinaridade.
 
Daniel,

Lembro que estes textos são a tradução de um ensaio que pode ser lido no original aqui: http://www.caup.umich.edu/publications/sevenfallacies/index.html

Não quero ficar com os louros que não são meus.
 
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